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THE POTENTIOMETER

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The transistor is a semiconductor electronic device that acts as amplifier, oscillator, switch, or rectifier. The term "transistor" is an English contraction of resistor transfer ("transfer resistance"). Currently they are found in virtually all artifacts everyday household: radios, televisions, tape recorders, audio and video players, microwave ovens, washing machines, automobiles, refrigeration equipment, alarms, quartz watches, computers, calculators, printers, fluorescent lamps, X-ray machines, scanners , ultrasound, mp3 players, cell phones, etc..

transistor types

Transistor contact tip

the first transistor was obtained gain invented in 1947 by J. Bardeen and W. Brattain. It consists of a germanium base on which they rest, close together, two metal spikes that form the emitter and collector. The emitter current is able to modulate the resistance "seen" in the collector, hence the name of "transfer resistor." It is based on surface effects, little known in his day. It is difficult to make (the points were adjusted by hand), fragile (one strike could move the ends) and noisy. But he lived with the junction transistor (W. Shockley, 1948) due to greater bandwidth. It has now disappeared.

binding Transistor bipolar

The bipolar junction transistor, or BJT for its acronym in English, is made primarily on a single crystal of germanium, silicon or gallium arsenide, which are qualities of semiconductors, conductive state between as metals and insulators such as diamond. On the glass substrate, are contaminated in a very controlled three zones, two of which are the same type, NPN or PNP, leaving two junctions formed NP.

N zone with elements donor of electrons (negative charges) and the P side to accept or "holes" (positive charges). Normally used as acceptors P elements to Indio (In), aluminum (Al) or gallium (Ga) and donors N to Arsenic (As) or phosphorus (P).

PN junction configuration, result in PNP or NPN transistor, where the middle letter always corresponds to the characteristic of the base, and two to the emitter and collector, while are the same type and opposite to the base, have different contamination between them (typically, the issuer is much more polluted than the collector).

The mechanism that represents the behavior semiconductor depend on such contamination, the associated geometry and the type of technology of pollution (gaseous diffusion, epitaxial, etc.) and the quantum behavior of the union.

Unijunction Transistor

also called junction field effect (JFET), was the first field effect transistor in practice. The material forms a bar-type silicon semiconductor N or P. At the end of the bar provides an ohmic contact, we have thus a field effect transistor type N of the form more basic. If P two regions are distributed in a bar of N material and connected externally to each other, there will be a door. One of these contacts will call another supplier and drain. Applying a positive voltage between the drain and the pump and connecting door to the supplier, establish a current, which call drain current with zero bias. With a potential negative gate voltage which we call a bottleneck, ceases conduction in the channel.

Field Effect Transistor

The field-effect transistor, or FET for its acronym in English, which controls the current versus voltage, have high input impedance.

field effect transistor junction, JFET, built by a PN junction.

Field Effect Transistor Insulated Gate, IGFET, in which the gate is insulated by a dielectric channel.

Field Effect Transistor MOS, MOSFET, which means MOS Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor, in this case the gate is metal and is semiconductor channel separated by an oxide layer.

Phototransistor

The phototransistors are sensitive to electromagnetic radiation at frequencies near that of light.

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LIGHT EMITTING DIODE TRANSISTOR

O also known as LED (Light-Emitting Diode) is a semiconductor device (diode) that emits incoherent narrow-spectrum light when directly biased PN junction of it and he runs an electric current. This phenomenon is a form of electroluminescence. The color (wavelength) depends on the semiconductor material used in the construction of the diode and can range from ultraviolet through the visible to infrared. Light emitting diodes that emit ultraviolet light also are called LED UV (UltraViolet Light-Emitting Diode) and those that emit infrared light typically receive the designation of IRED (Infra-Red Emitting Diode). Were invented by Oleg Losev.

Physical performance is that, in semiconductors, an electron moving from the conduction band to the valence, loses power, this energy loss can manifest in the form of a photon off, with an amplitude, an address and a random phase. The one that lost energy when it passes an electron from the conduction band to the valence is manifested as a photon detached or another form of energy (heat for example) will depend primarily the type of semiconductor material.

When a semiconductor diode is forward biased, the holes in the p zone move to the area n and n electrons of the area to the area p, both loads are the displacement current through the diode. If electrons and holes are in the same region, can recombine, ie, electrons can move to "fill" gaps, "falling" from a higher energy level to a lower more stable. This process emits a photon often in direct band gap semiconductor with the energy corresponding to its band gap.

Advantages:

Technology LED lighting is a durable, low-power, low voltage, flexible and environmentally friendly. It is a fixture which by its nature is called solid light. See Chapter 8.

In 1990 he made the first blue LED. This allowed white LED manufacturing. With this relatively recent development system outperformed as LED light source further and future projection.

Currently all major lighting manufacturers are betting on this technology will be the main light source of the future. Each year there are LEDs on the market better, more efficient, bright, safe, comfortable to use and parallel to wider use, more economical. Experts estimate that by 2012 the LED will light fixture with greater market power.

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L A OPTO ELECTRONICS

those are called optoelectronic devices that combine optics and electronics to work.

An example of this may be a remote control device or crepuscular.

generally optoelectóronicos components are those capable of converting light into electrical energy or vice versa.

are divided into two groups:

Photosensitive : From light excitation or control changes produce electricity.

These components are the LDR, fotopilas, fototiristores, fotoleds, diodes and bipolar transistors.

Electro luminescent : Based on the excitation by an electric current in those causing the emission of light energy in the form of visible radiation or not.

are components electro luminescent LEDs (Light Emitting Diode) and all your settings, infrared emitting diodes IRED (Infrared Emitting Diode) Diode Laser (Light Amplification by Simulate Emission of Radiation), which produce stimulated emission of photons as a monochromatic radiation and liquid crystal displays LCD (Liquid Crystal Display).

VARIABLE RESISTANCE WITH LIGHT

A LDR is an optoelectronic device capable of varying its resistance according to

light falling on it.

Cuanta más luz recibe, más baja es la resistencia.

En un LDR se han de tener en cuenta varias cosas:

*En 1er lugar, la amplitud de resistencias. Sin luz, una buena LDR se ha de comportar como un circuito abierto. Y su mínima resistencia ha de ser lo más pequeña posible, en torno a los cien ohmios, o menos si pudiera ser.

* En segundo lugar, se ha de tener en cuenta, el tiempo que emplea una LDR en pasar de un estado de máxima resistance to one of least resistance, that is, what it takes to switch from a position of circuit "closed" to a state of "open" circuit.

This time should be as small as possible, and has to be about the second.

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THE LDR variation of light-activated

acontinuación This project will explain what do my work group, and of course me too, well this project is done to perceive and count as in this case a car passes:

This is the circuit:

Click to view more closely

circuit elements first:

• LDR: optoelectronic device is able to vary their resistance according to light falling on it.

• Resistance

• Transistor

• Light Emitting Diode

• Compuerta logic NAND

• Potentiometer

• Condenser

• Chip integrated 4518

• 2749 Integrated Chip